Britishers

India's connection with the west has predominantly been related to trade. Amongst the modern Europeans, the Portuguese were the first to establish themselves in India and the last of the Europeans to leave. They arrived as early as 1498 via the ocean route discovered by Vasco-da-Gama. He was the first discoverer of the sea route via 'Cape of Good Hope'  to India, when Constantinople came under Arab power. The Portuguese left behind Roman Catholic Christianity with its Baroque churches, its musical liturgy and its great monastic order committed to education.
 

The East India Company chartered by the British Crown and ultimately responsible to the parliament, launched the  British rule in India. The British East India Company was established under a Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth I for 15 years for spice trading on 31st December 1600 AD with the capital of £70,000. It established its trading station at Machlipatanam in 1611, Surat in 1612, Madras in 1641 and Calcutta in 1699.

By the middle of the eighteenth century, the company succeeded in establishing power in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and the east coast. After the battle of Plassey, in 1757, they secured permission from the Mughals to collect land revenue from these provinces in return for an annual tribute for maintaining law and  order. The Company took control of Mysore by defeating Tipu Sultan in 1792 and the Marathas were finally defeated in 1817 AD - 1819 AD. Further the company expanded its rule by defeating Nepal in 1814-16, Sind in 1843, Punjab in 1848-49 and Burma in 1886.
The many changes that Britain had brought about in the administration and the ways of life created considerable discontent; and there were many risings in various parts of the country from 1816 to 1857. This culminated in the Revolt of 1857, which shook the very foundation of the Company's rule in India. Despite the failure of the first large scale attempt to overthrow British rule, the revolt proved a turning point in India's history. The British parliament took over the entire responsibility for the government of India. 

After nearly a century of British rule, the spirit of revolt was growing, specially among the feudal chiefs and their followers. Even amongst the masses, discontent and an intense anti-British feeling was wide spread. In March 1857, the Indian army at Barrackpore mutinied and this spread rapidly and assumed the character of a popular rebellion and a war of Indian independence.

The Revolt of 1857 severely jolted the British
administration in India and forced its reorganisation. By the act of 1858,
the governing power was transferred from the East India company to the
British crown. This power was to be exercised by the Secretary of State for
India (member of the British cabinet and responsible to Parliament) aided by
an Indian Council, which had only advisory powers. For administrative
purpose India was divided into three presidencies, namely, Madras, Bengal,
and the Bombay Presidency.

The interests of the
British thus became paramount in the governance of India. The policies
and interests of the British in India were determined by the
industrialists, the most powerful section in British society. Indian
resources were also utilised to serve the interests of the British
empire in other parts of the world and in costly wars.

During
the inter-war period of 1914 - 39, it was in the production of consumer
goods for mass market within India, mainly due to war tariffs and
depression. Finally the last decade of British rule from 1939-47,
brought another phase - the production of capital goods for the domestic
market.