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Kannada
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Kannada has a long history of literature next
only to Sanskrit and Tamil. Though Dravidian in its origin, Kannada has been
considerably influenced by Sanskrit. And even the early literature bears
witness to this phenomena. According to some scholars, the language flowered
into literature as early as the 15th century A.D. Nripatunga of the late 9th
century refers in his work Kavirajamarg to a number of predecessors who
wrote prose and verse. There were also important work on grammar and rhetoric. Though Sanskrit had a hold on the people as a religious and fashionable language, Nripatunga voiced the glories of his mother tongue. Works based on or inspired by the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata formed the earliest literature in Kannada. The three gems of earlier Kannada poetry Pampa, Ranna and Ponna (all born in the 10th century), rendered the epics in Kannada. The early writers were also the promoters of the Champu style and some of them have written about Jain Tirthankaras. Kesiraja's Sabdamani Drapana (c. 1260 A.D.) is the first standard grammar of the Kannada language. Nagavarma II has written three works on language, literature and grammar, viz. Kavyalokan, Bhasabhusan and Vastukosha, a Sanskrit-Kannada glossary. A great change took place in the Kannada literature when Basaveswara (12th century) introduced the Vachana style of writing which introduced a social revolution. The imagery in Vachanas belongs to the daily life of the ordinary man. Dignity of labour and equality of all members of the society were the cardinal points of the Basaveswara movement. Other important poets of the era are Harihara, Raghavanka, Rudrabhatta and Janna. Kumara Vyasa (15th century) comes a little later. His epic Kannada Bharata is very well known. Actually Panmpa and Kumara Vyasa are the giant genius figures in Kannada literature. We may also mention in passing the names of the three great poets, Lakshmisa (c.1550), sarvajna (c.1600) and Sankaradeva (c. 1655). Jains, Virasaivas and Brahmanas have produced works on their respective religions and on various secular themes. After a less fertile interregnum, we come to the period of Renaissance and the Independence era. Two trends are witnessed during this period almost simultaneously, The absorption of western ideas and a patriotic rediscovery of the past. Historians devide the modern period as follows:
The great writers of cultural awakening are B.M.Srikantaiah (1884-1946) and M.Govind Pai (1883-1963). Srikantaiah's Inglis Gitagalu (songs from English, 1921) marks a turning point in verse composition. The poets of stature who followed are K.V.Puttappa (b. 1904) whose Ramayanadarsam has been acknowledged as a modern classic and D.R.Bendre (1896), a great lyricist, both of them havwe won the Jnanpith Award. Two novelist who won the same award are Masti Venkatesh Iyengar (1891-1986) and K. Sivaram Karanth (b.1902). Karanth's Chomana Dudi presents the tragic plight of the Harijan in contemporary society and his Marali Mannige (back to the soil) is an outstanding regional language novel that has been translated into many languages. Masti is considered as the father of Kannada short story. Among the modern dramatists, the tall figures are Adya Rangacharya and T.P.Kailasam. One notable features as far as modern Kannada literature is concerned is that there are quite a few writers who have made a mark in more than one field: A.N.Krishna Rao (poet and novelist), V.K.Gokak (poet and novelist), Gopalakrishna Adiga (poet and essayist) and R.S.Mugali (poet and historian) are writers of repute. Kannada is flourishing in almost all branches of literature, and modernity is noticeable in various phases: Pragatishila, Navodaya and Navya. The most important writers of the contemporary period are P.Lankesh, Girish Karnad, Chandrasekhar Kombar and U.R.Anantha Murthy.
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